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|title=Philosophy of Biology Graduate Programs
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|description=Providing an unranked list of Ph.D. (and terminal M.A.) programs in philosophy of biology
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Philosophy of Biology Graduate Programs</div>
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This wiki provides an unranked list of Ph.D. and terminal M.A. programs that have strengths in philosophy of biology. '''Since it's a wiki, [[#How to Contribute|you can edit it]], so please do'''. The primary intended audience is prospective and current graduate students with interests in philosophy of biology who want to get the lay of the land by seeing who works where, and on what. Follow us on [http://twitter.com/philwikinet Twitter]. Questions, comments, ideas? Let [http://shamiller.net me] know at [mailto:shamiller@ucdavis.edu shamiller@ucdavis.edu].
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== Note to Prospective Graduate Students ==
The purpose of this wiki is to aid your search for philosophy of biology graduate programs that suit your tastes. It does so in two ways:
* By listing as many philosophy of biology graduate programs as possible.
* By making research into those programs more efficient and convenient by identifying the relevant philosophy of biology faculty and providing easy access to their bios, research interests, CVs, partial publication lists, etc.
However, while this site may be where your research into programs starts, it decidedly should not be where it ends. You need to dig around and do your due diligence—e.g., contact people within the programs<ref>This site is not in the business of giving prospective students advice—on how to select programs or anything else—but it can be very helpful and illuminating to contact graduate students currently enrolled in departments you are considering and asking if they would be willing to share their impressions of and experience in the programs. The worst that can happen is that they say 'no'. Of course, what they share must be taken with a grain of salt since everyone's experiences differ, and disgruntled students will paint a radically different picture than contented ones. For that reason, seeking out multiple sources can be worthwhile.</ref>—in order to put yourself in the best possible position to make an informed decision about where to apply. The [http://www.apaonline.org/ American Philosophical Association], for instance, provides a useful [http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/resmgr/Grad_guide/gg14_complete.pdf Guide to Graduate Programs] that is worth consulting. Good luck!
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== Download All Ph.D. Programs as PDF ==
This entire list of Ph.D. programs with strengths in philosophy of biology can be [http://philbio.net/docs/Phil-Bio-Grad-Programs.pdf '''downloaded''']. The text file that produced the PDF can be access on [https://gist.github.com/shamille/d477d28b81ae6858de06 GitHubGist].
== Ph.D. Programs (Australasia) ==
All programs reside in philosophy departments, unless otherwise specified. Wiki Program Pages contain identical information to front-page listings, also unless otherwise specified.
=== Australian National University ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://philrsss.anu.edu.au/ | Department Website]: [[Australian National University|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>yes<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Kim Sterelny</strong> // [http://philrsss.anu.edu.au/profile/kim-sterelny website], [http://philpapers.org/s/kim%20sterelny PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of Biology, Evolution, Philosophy of Psychology and Philosophy of Mind (via website)
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Australian National University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Macquarie University ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://phil.mq.edu.au | Department Website]: [[Macquarie University|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Rachael Brown</strong> // website [http://rachaelbrown.net 1], [http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/department_of_philosophy/staff/rachael_brown/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/25396 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: The evolution of cognition and behaviour; the relationship between evolutionary developmental biology and the Neo-Darwinian Synthesis; model-based reasoning in biology and philosophy; and methodological issues in the study of animal behaviour and cognition (via website)
* <strong>Karola Stotz</strong> // [http://paul.representinggenes.org/Stotz/ website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/74332 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Evolutionary, developmental and molecular biology, psychobiology and cognition (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Macquarie University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Otago (New Zealand) ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/ | Department Website]: [[University of Otago (New Zealand)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>James Maclaurin</strong> // [http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/Staff/james_maclaurin.html website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/2066 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of Biology, including innateness, fitness, theoretical morphology, biological diversity and universal darwinism (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Otago (New Zealand)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Sydney ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://sydney.edu.au/arts/philosophy/ | Department Website]: [[University of Sydney|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>David Braddon-Mitchell</strong> // [http://sydney.edu.au/arts/philosophy/staff/profiles/dbm.braddon-mitchell.php website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/8599 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of Mind and metaphysics, and cross borders into philosophy of science, philosophy of biology, ethics and political philosophy from time to time (via website)
* <strong>Paul Griffiths</strong> // website [http://sydney.edu.au/arts/philosophy/staff/profiles/paul.griffiths.php 1], [http://paulgriffiths.representinggenes.org/wordpress/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?strict=1&searchStr=Griffiths,%20Paul%20E.&filterMode=authors PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Causal foundations of biological information; evolutionary medicine; innateness and human nature; concept of the gene; developmental systems theory (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Sydney|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Waikato University (New Zealand) ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://www.waikato.ac.nz/fass/study/subjects/philosophy | Department Website]: [[Waikato University|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Justine Kingsbury</strong> // [http://www.waikato.ac.nz/fass/about/staff/justinek website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/28635 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of mind; philosophy of biology; critical thinking; aesthetics (especially philosophy of music) (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Waikato University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
== Ph.D. Programs (Canada) ==
All programs reside in philosophy departments, unless otherwise specified. Wiki Program Pages contain identical information to front-page listings, also unless otherwise specified.
=== University of Alberta ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://www.philosophy.ualberta.ca/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=203 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of Alberta|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>yes<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Ingo Brigandt</strong> // [http://www.ualberta.ca/~brigandt/ website], [http://www.ualberta.ca/~brigandt/Brigandt_CV.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/637 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Evolutionary developmental biology, molecular biology, systems biology, science and values
** Specialties: Eugenics, disability, and reproductive technology, species and natural kinds, levels of selection, group-level cognition and collective intentionality, the nature of biological individuals and organisms, kinship, intersections between biology, mind, and sociality.
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Alberta|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki> ''<-- Page contains additional program information''
=== University of British Columbia ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://philosophy.ubc.ca/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=218 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of British Columbia|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>John Beatty</strong> // website [http://philosophy.ubc.ca/persons/john-beatty/ 1], [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jbeatty/ 2], [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jbeatty/Final%20Files/JBeattyCV.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10554 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Theoretical foundations, methodology, and socio-political dimensions of genetics and evolutionary biology (via website)
* <strong>Christopher Stephens</strong> // website [http://philosophy.ubc.ca/persons/chris-stephens/ 1], [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/cstephens/Chris_Stephens_Website/Home_Page.html 2], [http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/cstephens/Chris_Stephens_Website/CV.html CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/36197 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Conceptual foundations of evolutionary theory, causation, the nature of evidence in evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism, phylogenetic inference, and on models of the evolution of rationality (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of British Columbia|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Calgary ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://phil.ucalgary.ca/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=221 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of Calgary|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Megan Delehanty</strong> // [http://phil.ucalgary.ca/philosophy/people/delehanty.html website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10566 PhilPapers]
* <strong>C. Kenneth Waters</strong> // [http://phil.ucalgary.ca/profiles/c-kenneth-waters website], [https://apps.cla.umn.edu/directory/items/cv/295233.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/c.%20kenneth%20waters PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Causation, explanation, molecular biology, genetics, pluralism (via PhilPapers entries)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Calgary|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Toronto ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://www.philosophy.utoronto.ca/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=362 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of Toronto|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Ronald de Sousa</strong> (emeritus) // website [http://www.philosophy.utoronto.ca/directory/ronald-de-sousa/ 1], [http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~sousa/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/14678 PhilPapers]
* <strong>Mohan Matthen</strong> // website [http://www.philosophy.utoronto.ca/directory/mohan-matthen/ 1], [http://individual.utoronto.ca/matthen/Site/Mohan_Matthen.html 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/1544 PhilPapers]
* <strong>Denis Walsh</strong> // [http://www.philosophy.utoronto.ca/directory/denis-walsh/ website], [http://philpapers.org/s/denis%20walsh PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Models, mechanisms, fitness, causation (via PhilPapers entries)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Toronto|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Waterloo ===
<div class="threeElements">: [https://uwaterloo.ca/philosophy/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=375 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of Waterloo|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Carla Fehr</strong> // website [https://uwaterloo.ca/philosophy/people-profiles/carla-fehr 1], [http://carlafehr.org/ 2], [http://carlafehr.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Carla_Fehr_Vita.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/62046 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of biology, Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, Feminist Science Studies, Philosophy of Science, evolution (via website)
* <strong>Paul Thagard</strong> // website [https://uwaterloo.ca/philosophy/people-profiles/paul-thagard 1], [http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Biographies/pault.html 2], [http://philpapers.org/s/paul%20thagard PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of science and medicine, cognitive science, philosophy of mind. Specific topics include analogy, coherence, decision making, conceptual change, explanatory reasoning, theoretical neuroscience, discovery and innovation, emotions and consciousness, moral psychology, and theories and explanations in biomedicine (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Waterloo|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Western Ontario ===
<div class="threeElements">: [http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy/ | Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=378 | Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]: [[University of Western Ontario|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Gillian Barker</strong> // [http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy/people/barker.html website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/4278 PhilPapers]
* <strong>Eric Desjardins</strong> // [http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy/people/desjardins.html website], [http://philpapers.org/s/eric%20Desjardins PhilPapers]
* <strong>Devin Henry</strong> // [http://www.uwo.ca/philosophy/people/henry.html website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/11238 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Ancient Philosophy, History & Philosophy of Science (esp. Philosophy of Biology) (via website)
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Western Ontario|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
== Ph.D. Programs (United Kingdom) ==
All programs reside in philosophy departments, unless otherwise specified. Wiki Program Pages contain identical information to front-page listings, also unless otherwise specified.
=== Birkbeck, University of London ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.bbk.ac.uk/philosophy/ | Department Website]:[[Birkbeck, University of London|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Robert Northcott</strong> // website [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/philosophy/our-staff/academics/dr-robert-northcott 1], [http://robertnorthcott.weebly.com/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/2414 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of science, and especially the ‘special sciences’ such as biology and economics; metaphysics, especially the notions of causation and causal explanation; analysis of use of statistical techniques to measure causation, the place of causal explanation in evolutionary theory; role played by formal theory in economics (via website)
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Birkbeck, University of London|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Bristol ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.bristol.ac.uk/philosophy/ | Department Website]:[[University of Bristol|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Samir Okasha</strong> // [http://www.bristol.ac.uk/school-of-arts/people/samir-okasha/overview.html website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/6691 PhilPapers]
** Specialities: evolutionary theory, levels of selection, population genetics, social evolution, rational choice
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Bristol|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Cambridge (History and Philosophy of Science) ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk | Department Website]:[[University of Cambridge (History and Philosophy of Science)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Tim Lewens</strong> // [http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/people/lewens/ website], [http://philpapers.org/s/tim%20lewens PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Philosophy of biology, philosophy of science, philosophical bioethics
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Cambridge (History and Philosophy of Science)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Exeter (Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology) ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/sociology/ | Department Website]: [[University of Exeter (Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* '''John Dupre''' // [http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/sociology/staff/dupre/ website], [http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/collegeofsocialsciencesandinternationalstudies/staffdocuments/duprecv.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/44628 PhilPapers]
* '''Staffan Muller-Wille''' // [http://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/sociology/staff/mueller-wille/ website], [http://philpapers.org/s/Staffan%20M%C3%BCller-Wille PhilPapers]
** Specialties: History and philosophy of systematics; history of heredity; history of race and kinship (via website)
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Exeter (Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== King's College London ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/philosophy/index.aspx | Department Website]: [[King's College London|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Matteo Mameli</strong> // [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/philosophy/people/staff/academic/mameli/index.aspx website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10088 PhilPapers]
* <strong>Nick Shea</strong> // [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/philosophy/people/staff/academic/shea/index.aspx website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/24040 PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[King's College London|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Lancaster University (Politics, Philosophy and Religion) ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ppr/ | Department Website]:[[Lancaster University (Politics, Philosophy and Religion)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Brian Garvey</strong> // [http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ppr/profiles/brian-garvey website], [http://philpapers.org/s/Brian%20Garvey PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Lancaster University (Politics, Philosophy and Religion)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Leeds ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/info/20048/philosophy/ | Department Website]:[[University of Leeds|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Gregory Radick</strong> // website [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/profile/20048/441/gregory_radick 1], [http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~phlgmr/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/s/gregory%20radick PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Leeds|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== London School of Economics (Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method) ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/home.uspx | Department Website]:[[London School of Economics (Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Jonathan Birch</strong> // [http://www.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/people/birch.aspx website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/8764 PhilPapers]
** Specialities: Natural selection, evolution of social behaviour, evolutionary transitions, human evolution.
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[London School of Economics (Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University College London (Science and Technology Studies) ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts | Department Website]:[[University College London (Science and Technology Studies)|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Phyllis Illari</strong> // [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/staff/illari website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/18946 PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University College London (Science and Technology Studies)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== University of Oxford ===
<div class="threeElements">:[http://www.ox.ac.uk/ | Department Website]: [[University of Oxford|| Additional Program Information]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>no<nowiki>]</nowiki></div>
* <strong>Ellen Clarke</strong> // website [http://www.all-souls.ox.ac.uk/people.php?personid=2114 1], , [https://sites.google.com/site/ellenlclarke/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/19904 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Biological Individuality, Evolutionary Transitions, evolution of cooperation, natural selection, Philosophy of biology, philosophy of science
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Oxford|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
== Ph.D. Programs (United States) ==
All programs reside in philosophy departments, unless otherwise specified. Wiki Program Pages contain identical information to front-page listings, also unless otherwise specified.
=== [https://cbs.asu.edu/graduate-programs Arizona State University (Center for Biology and Society)] ===
<nowiki>{<:[https:/nowiki>[[Arizona State University (Center for Biology and Society)|Wiki Program Page/cbs.asu.edu/graduate-programs Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Manfred Laubichler</strong> // [https://sols.asu.edu/people/manfred-laubichler website], [https://sols.asu.edu/sites/default/files/people/cv/laubichler_m_cv.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/Manfred%20Laubichler PhilPapers]
* <strong>Jason Scott Robert</strong> // [https://sols.asu.edu/people/jason-robert website], [https://sols.asu.edu/sites/default/files/people/cv/RobertCV_Current2014.pdf CV]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//www.bu.edu/philo/ Boston nowiki>[[Arizona State University(Center for Biology and Society)|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== Boston University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}<=== :[http:/nowiki>/www.bu.edu/philo/: Department Website]: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Tian Yu Cao</strong> // [http://www.bu.edu/philo/people/faculty/full-time/tian-yu-cao/ website], [http://philpapers.org/s/Tian%20Yu%20Cao PhilPapers]
* <strong>Russell Powell</strong> // [http://www.bu.edu/philo/people/faculty/full-time/russell-powell/ website], [http://www.bu.edu/philo/files/2014/11/Powell-CV-October-2014.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/36621 PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Boston University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Carnegie Mellon University ===
:: [http://www.hss.cmu.edu/philosophy/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=32 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Kevin J.S. Zollman</strong> // [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kzollman/ website], [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/kzollman/Zollman%20-%20CV.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/9844 PhilPapers]
=== City University of New York Graduate Center ===
:: [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Philosophy/Philosophy Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=38 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Peter Godfrey-Smith</strong> // website [http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Philosophy/Faculty-Bios/Peter-Godfrey-Smith 1], [http://petergodfreysmith.com/ 2], [http://petergodfreysmith.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/PGS_CV_2014.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/Peter%20Godfrey-Smith PhilPapers]
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[City University of New York Graduate Center|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== [http://philosophy.columbia.edu/ Columbia University] ===
<nowiki>{<:[http:/nowiki>[[Columbia University|Wiki Program Page/philosophy.columbia.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong> Philip Kitcher</strong><ref>Though he does not list philosophy of biology as a current AOS, Kitcher writes on his faculty profile page—accessed 2014-11-18—that he is willing to work with philosophy of biology graduate students.</ref> // website [http://philosophy.columbia.edu/directories/faculty/philip-kitcher 1], [http://www.columbia.edu/~psk16/ 2], [http://www.columbia.edu/~psk16/vita2003.htm CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/philip%20kitcher PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Columbia University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Duke University ===
:: [http://philosophy.duke.edu Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=56 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Robert N. Brandon</strong> // [http://philosophy.duke.edu/people?Gurl=&Uil=1533&subpage=profile website], [http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Philosophy/faculty/rbrandon/cv.html CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/robert%20brandon PhilPapers]
=== Florida State University ===
:: [http://philosophy.fsu.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=68 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>James Justus</strong> // [http://philosophy.fsu.edu/content/view/full/35712 website], [http://philosophy.fsu.edu/People/Faculty/Faculty-Publications/Justus-CV CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/9961 PhilPapers]
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Florida State University|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== [http://www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/ Indiana University (History and Philosophy of Science)] ===
<nowiki>{</nowiki>:[[Indiana University (History and Philosophy of Science)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}<http:/nowiki>/www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/ Department Website]: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Colin Allen</strong> // website [http://www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/people/allen.shtml 1], [http://pages.iu.edu/~colallen/ 2], [http://pages.iu.edu/~colallen/cv.html CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/2956 PhilPapers]
* <strong>Sander Gliboff</strong> // [http://www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/people/gliboff.shtml website], [http://philpapers.org/s/sander%20gliboff PhilPapers]
* <strong>Elisabeth Lloyd</strong> // website [http://www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/people/lloyd.shtml 1], [http://mypage.iu.edu/~ealloyd/ 2], [http://mypage.iu.edu/~ealloyd/AdditionalInfo.htm CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10047 PhilPapers]
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Indiana University (History and Philosophy of Science)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== Michigan State University ===
:: [http://www.philosophy.msu.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=122 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Fred Gifford</strong> // [http://www.philosophy.msu.edu/people/faculty/fred-gifford/ website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/45001 PhilPapers]
=== Stanford University ===
:: [http://philosophy.stanford.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=176 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Helen Longino</strong> // [http://philosophy.stanford.edu/profile/Helen+Longino/ website], [http://philosophy.stanford.edu/download/21366/HL_current_CV.doc CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10427 PhilPapers]
=== Texas A&M University ===
:: [http://philosophy.tamu.edu/html/home.html Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=191 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Roger Sansom</strong> // [http://philosophy.tamu.edu/html/bio-Sansom.html website], [http://philosophy.tamu.edu/documents/vitas/RSansomCV.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/roger%20sansom PhilPapers]
=== University of California, Davis ===
:: [http://philosophy.ucdavis.edu Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=227 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>James R. Griesemer</strong> // website [http://philosophy.ucdavis.edu/people/jrgriese 1], [http://jrgriesemerucdavis.wordpress.com 2], [http://philbiolab.net 3], [http://jrgriesemerucdavis.wordpress.com/resume/ CV], [http://philpapers.org/asearch.pl?categorizerOn=&sqc=&publishedOnly=&strict=1&freeOnly=&newWindow=on&sort=relevance&filterByAreas=&proOnly=on&langFilter=&searchStr=Griesemer%2C%20James%20R%2E&onlineOnly=&author=Griesemer%2C%20James%20R%2E&showCategories=on&hideAbstracts=&search_header=search_header%2Ehtml&filterMode=keywords& PhilPapers]
=== University of California, Irvine (Logic and Philosophy of Science) ===
:: [http://www.lps.uci.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=230 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Simon Huttegger</strong> // [http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/shuttegg/ website], [http://faculty.sites.uci.edu/shuttegg/files/2011/03/VitaSimon.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/simon%20huttegger PhilPapers]
=== University of California, San Diego ===
:: [http://philosophy.ucsd.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=239 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>William Bechtel</strong> // [http://mechanism.ucsd.edu/~bill/ website], [http://philpapers.org/s/william%20bechtel PhilPapers]
=== University of California, Santa Cruz ===
:: [http://philosophy.ucsc.edu/ Department Website]:: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=245 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther</strong> // website [http://philosophy.ucsc.edu/faculty/singleton.php?&singleton=true&cruz_id=rgw 1], [http://www.rgwinther.com/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/s/Rasmus%20Gr%C3%B8nfeldt%20Winther PhilPapers]
: <nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of California, Santa Cruz|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
=== [http://chss.uchicago.edu/ University of Chicago (Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science)] ===
<nowiki>{<:[http:/nowiki>[[University of Chicago (Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science)|Wiki Program Page/chss.uchicago.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Robert J. Richards</strong> // [http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/ website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/10691 PhilPapers]
* <strong>David Jablonski</strong> (has been on CHSS dissertation committees) // [http://geosci.uchicago.edu/directory/david-jablonski website]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//www.artsci.uc.edu/departments/philosophy.html nowiki>[[University of CincinnatiChicago (Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science)|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Cincinnati|Wiki Program Page=== : [http://www.artsci.uc.edu/departments/philosophy.html Department Website]]<nowiki>}<: [http:/nowiki> <-- ''Page contains additional program information''/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=248 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Tony Chemero</strong> // [http://www.artsci.uc.edu/departments/philosophy/fac_staff.html?eid=chemeray&thecomp=uceprof website], [http://philpapers.org/s/Anthony%20Chemero PhilPapers]
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
=== [http:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Cincinnati|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</www.philosophy.ku.edu/ nowiki> <-- ''Page contains additional program information'' === University of Kansas] ===
<nowiki>{<:[http:/nowiki>[[University of Kansas|Wiki Program Page/www.philosophy.ku.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Armin Schulz</strong> // [http://people.ku.edu/~a382s825/ website], [http://people.ku.edu/~a382s825/CV.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/3381 PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//www.philosophy.umd.edu/ nowiki>[[University of Maryland, College ParkKansas|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Maryland, College Park|Wiki Program Page=== :[http://www.philosophy.umd.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>: No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Lindley Darden</strong> // website [http://www.philosophy.umd.edu/people/darden 1], [http://faculty.philosophy.umd.edu/LDarden/ 2], [http://faculty.philosophy.umd.edu/LDarden/vitaDardenSept13forweb.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/lindley%20darden PhilPapers]
* <strong>Aidan Lyon</strong> // website [http://www.philosophy.umd.edu/people/lyon 1], [http://aidanlyon.com/ 2], [http://aidanlyon.com/cv CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/3862 PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//www.philosophy.umn.edu/ nowiki>[[University of MinnesotaMaryland, Twin CitiesCollege Park|Wiki Program Page]]<refnowiki>Some of the Resident Fellows at the [http://www.mcps.umn.edu/ Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science] also have philosophy of biology interests.}</refnowiki> ===
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Minnesota, Twin Cities|Wiki Program Page]]<nowikiref>}Some of the Resident Fellows at the [http://www.mcps.umn.edu/ Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science] also have philosophy of biology interests.</nowikiref> <-- Page contains additional program information=== :[http://www.philosophy.umn.edu/ Department Website]: [http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=302 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Alan C. Love</strong> // website [http://www.philosophy.umn.edu/people/FacultyProfile.php?UID=aclove 1], [https://sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/aclove/home 2], [https://sites.google.com/a/umn.edu/aclove/cv CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/alan%20love PhilPapers]
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
=== [https:<nowiki>{<//philosophy.missouri.edu/ nowiki>[[University of MissouriMinnesota, Twin Cities|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki> <-- Page contains additional program information
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Missouri|Wiki Program Page=== :[https://philosophy.missouri.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=308 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Andre Ariew</strong> // website [https://philosophy.missouri.edu/index.php/people/15-/29-andre-ariew 1], [http://faculty.missouri.edu/~ariewa/ 2], [https://philosophy.missouri.edu/images/documents/Ariewcv.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/andre%20ariew PhilPapers]
=== [https:<nowiki>{<//philosophy.nd.edu/ nowiki>[[University of Notre DameMissouri|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Notre Dame|Wiki Program Page=== :[https://philosophy.nd.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=323 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Grant Ramsey</strong> // website [https://philosophy.nd.edu/people/faculty/grant-ramsey/ 1], [http://www.theramseylab.org/ 2], [http://philpapers.org/profile/54027 PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Notre Dame|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/ nowiki> === University of Pennsylvania] ===
<nowiki>{<:[http:/nowiki>[[University of Pennsylvania|Wiki Program Page/philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}</nowiki> <-- ''Page contains additional program information'': No Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy Available
* <strong>Cristina Bicchieri</strong> // [http://philosophy.sas.upenn.edu/faculty/bicchieri website], [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cb36/vita.html CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/Cristina%20Bicchieri PhilPapers]
** Specialties: tradeoffs and Idealization in modeling, agent-based models in evolution and ecology, origin of life, biology and race
=== [http:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Pennsylvania|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</www.hps.pitt.edu/ nowiki> <-- ''Page contains additional program information'' === University of Pittsburgh (History and Philosophy of Science)] ===
<nowiki>{<:[http:/nowiki>/www.hps.pitt.edu/ Department Website]:[[University of Pittsburgh (History and http://philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=335 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy of Science)|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
* <strong>Mazviita Chirimuuta</strong> // [http://www.hps.pitt.edu/profile/chirimuuta.php website], [http://www.hps.pitt.edu/documents/Chirimuuta%20CV%20summer_2013.pdf CV], [http://philpapers.org/profile/8078 PhilPapers]
* <strong>James Woodward</strong> // [http://www.hps.pitt.edu/profile/woodward.php website], [http://philpapers.org/s/james%20woodward PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/index.php nowiki>[[University of Texas at AustinPittsburgh (History and Philosophy of Science)|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Texas at Austin|Wiki Program Page=== :[http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/index.php Department Website]]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=356 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Sahotra Sarkar</strong> // [http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/sarkars1 website], [http://philpapers.org/s/Sahotra%20Sarkar PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[University of Texas at Austin|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</philosophy.utah.edu/ nowiki> === University of Utah] ===
<nowiki>{</nowiki>:[[University of Utah|Wiki Program Pagehttp://philosophy.utah.edu/ Department Website]]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=366 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Stephen M. Downes</strong> // [http://philosophy.utah.edu/profile.php?unid=u0031428 website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/11161 PhilPapers]
* <strong>James Tabery</strong> // [http://philosophy.utah.edu/profile.php?unid=u0578517 website], [http://faculty.utah.edu/bytes/curriculumVitae.hml?id=u0578517 CV], [http://philpapers.org/s/james%20tabery PhilPapers]
=== [http:<nowiki>{<//philosophy.wisc.edu nowiki>[[University of Wisconsin-MadisonUtah|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== University of Wisconsin-Madison|Wiki Program Page=== :http://philosophy.wisc.edu Department Website]]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=384 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Daniel Hausman</strong> // [http://philosophy.wisc.edu/hausman/ website], [http://philpapers.org/profile/11262 PhilPapers]
** Specialties: Bayesian epistemology
=== [https:<nowiki>{<//philosophy.artsci.wustl.edu/ Washington nowiki>[[University in St. Louisof Wisconsin-Madison|Wiki Program Page] ===]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[=== Washington University in St. Louis|Wiki Program Page]=== :[https://philosophy.artsci.wustl.edu/ Department Website]<nowiki>}<:[http:/nowiki>/philwiki.net/docs/apaGuide2014.pdf#page=402 Entry in APA Guide to Graduate Programs in Philosophy]
* <strong>Carl F. Craver</strong> // website [https://philosophy.artsci.wustl.edu/people/Carl_Craver 1], [https://pages.wustl.edu/cfcraver 2], [http://philpapers.org/s/carl%20craver PhilPapers]
** Specialties: History and philosophy of biology, general philosophy of science, cancer biology, early 20th Century genetics, evolutionary theory, explanation, modeling.
** Willing to work with new students? Yes
:<nowiki>{</nowiki>[[Washington University in St. Louis|Wiki Program Page]]<nowiki>}</nowiki>
== M.A. Programs ==
** Willing to work with new students? Possibly; write to ask.
== Notes ==</div></div>
<div class="rightPhilbio">
<div class="insideRightStandards">
== Standards, Practices, and Guidelines ==
# The criterion for program inclusion is just that a philosophy (or HPS) program have at least one full-time faculty member who self-identifies as a philosopher of biology.
# The standard of evidence required to make the list is an official (or personal) university-affiliated website—or a publicly-accessible CV—that lists philosophy of biology as a primary research interest.
# Philosophers who have made contributions to the philosophy of biology but who do not list phil bio as an AOS/AOC are usually not listed.
# Affiliated, part-time, and emeritus faculty who work closely with graduate students should be labelled as such inside parentheses next to their names.
# Bioethics, environmental ethics, philosophy of neuroscience/cognitive science, philosophy of medicine, and history of biology—in and of themselves—are not counted as philosophy of biology.
A [[Longer Version|longer version]] of these guidelines is available.
</div>
<div class="insideRightTOC">
__TOC__
</div>
<div class="insideRightStandards">
== How to Contribute ==
<strong>This is a wiki, so anyone can contribute</strong>. No account is needed—though you are encouraged to create one—and all changes can be rolled back, so edit with a free hand.
'''Making Edits'''
You can make edits in one of two ways: by clicking 'Edit', which enables [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG WYSIWYG] (or visual) editing, ala a wordprocessor. Alternately, you can click 'Edit source', which allows you to edit the wiki markup in plaintext. Use whichever method you prefer. '''It takes a little longer to open the editing window in visual mode''' because the server has to translate wiki markup to html on the fly. So be patient. If things are too sluggish, you can switch over to 'Edit source'.
Wiki [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting formatting/markup] is very straightforward, and all you need to do is mimic the current entries since formatting is standardized.
If programs or faculty have been overlooked—which is assuredly the case—you are encouraged to add them, even if you are not a member of that department. Also, information will date rapidly, so by all means help keep things up to date.
'''Wiki Program Pages'''
Every program listed also has a separate Wiki Program Page where additional information can be provided to prospective students. While the style and format of this main page should be kept consistent, individual Wiki Program Pages can take any form whatsoever. To edit one of these pages, simply follow the Wiki Program Page link underneath the department listing of interest and edit that page.
The following programs have added considerably to their Wiki Program Pages. Feel free to mimic them.
* [[University_of_California,_Davis#.VLbPZh-c200|University of California, Davis]]
* [[University_of_Cincinnati#.VLbP4x-c200|University of Cincinnati]]
* [[University_of_Minnesota,_Twin_Cities#.VLbQHB-c200|University of Minnesota, Twin Cities]]
* [[University_of_Pennsylvania#.VLbQNR-c200|University of Pennsylvania]]
</div>
<div class="insideRightTOC">
<wikitwidget class="twitter-timeline" href="https://twitter.com/PhilWikiNet" data-widget-id="560570227813916673"/>
</div>
<div class="insideRightStandards">
== Browse Programs by Category ==
Below are two ways to browse programs by category. The first sorts all programs by number of philosophy of biology faculty. The second sorts U.S. programs by state.
You can find a listing of Australasian and Canadian programs by specialty on [[Austalasian and Canadian Programs by Specialty|this page]]. Once that list includes programs from other parts of the world, they will be incorporated. As always, prospective students should fact-check the faculty numbers listed because academics change jobs frequently. (Note: 'P' stands for Page.)
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|- valign="top"
|- padding="10"
! width="100%" | All Ph.D. Programs by Number of Faculty
|- valign="top"
| <categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>1 Faculty Member</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>2 Faculty Members</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>3 Faculty Members</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>4 Faculty Members</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>5 Faculty Members</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>6+ Faculty Members</categorytree>
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|- valign="top"
|- padding="10"
! width="100%"| U.S. Ph.D. Programs by State
|- valign="top"
| <categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Arizona</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>California</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Florida</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Illinois</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Indiana</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Kansas</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Maryland</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Massachusetts</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Michigan</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Minnesota</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>New York</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>North Carolina</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Ohio</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Pennsylvania</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Texas</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Utah</categorytree>
<categorytree showcount=on depth=0 mode=pages>Wisconsin</categorytree>
|-
|}
</div>
</div><div class="bottomPhilbio">
== Notes ==
<references/>
</div>